Modified Polysaccharides

ABSTRACT

Modified polysaccharide polymers for use as anti-scalant and dispersant. The polymers are useful in compositions used in aqueous systems. The modified polysaccharides are also useful in detergent formulations, water treatment, dispersants and oilfield applications and as fiberglass binders. Such applications include a modified polysaccharide having up to about 70 mole % carboxyl groups per mole of polysaccharide ASU and up to about 20 mole % aldehyde groups per mole of polysaccharide ASU. The applications can also include a blend of modified polysaccharides and other synthetic polymers.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 60/699,690, filed 15 Jul. 2005.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention is directed towards polysaccharides modified withvarious moieties, including carboxylate, aldehyde, sulfonate, phosphateand phosphonate moieties. The present invention is also directed towardsanti-scalant and/or dispersant formulations or compositions includingsuch polymers and their use in aqueous systems, including scaleminimization.

2. Background Information

Aqueous systems, such as boiler water or steam generating systems,cooling water systems, gas scrubbing systems, pulp and paper millsystems, desalination systems, fabric, dishware and hard surfacecleaning systems and downhole systems encountered during the productionof gas, oil, and geothermal wells, are well known. Often the water inthese systems, either naturally or by contamination, containsingredients such as inorganic particulates and/or salts. Inorganicparticulates such as mud, silt and clay, tend to settle onto surfaces,thereby restricting water flow and heat transfer unless they areeffectively dispersed. The salts can cause accumulation, deposition, andfouling problems in these aqueous systems if they are not kept in asoluble, suspended or dispersed state.

The inorganic salts are typically formed by the reaction of metalcations such as calcium, magnesium or barium with inorganic anions suchas phosphate, carbonate and sulfate. When formed, the salts tend to beinsoluble or have low solubility in water. As their concentration insolution increases, or as the pH and/or temperature of the watercontaining those salts changes, the salts can precipitate from solution,crystallize and form hard deposits or scale on surfaces. Such scaleformation can be problematic in equipment such as heat transfer devices,boilers, secondary oil recovery wells, and automatic dishwashers, aswell as on substrates washed with such hard waters, reducing theperformance and life of the equipment.

In addition to scale formation, many cooling water systems made fromcarbon steel such as industrial cooling towers and heat exchangersexperience corrosion problems. Attempts to prevent this corrosion areoften made by adding various inhibitors such as orthophosphate and/orzinc compounds to the water. However, phosphate addition increases theformation of highly insoluble phosphate salts such as calcium phosphate.The addition of zinc compounds can lead to precipitation of insolublesalts such as zinc hydroxide and zinc phosphate.

Stabilization of aqueous systems containing scale-forming salts andinorganic particulates involves a variety of mechanisms. Inhibition isthe conventional mechanism for eliminating the deleterious effect ofscale-forming salts. In inhibition, one or more polymers are added thatincrease the solubility of the scale-forming salt in the aqueous system.

In treating cooling water, phosphonates and low molecular weighthomopolymers tend to be the primary calcium carbonate inhibitors.However, these additives may not be enough under stressed conditions.Therefore there is a need for a polymer that can act as a crystal growthmodifier for crystals formed in stressed conditions. Inhibitorspreviously mentioned may not be completely effective.

Another stabilization mechanism is the dispersion of precipitated saltcrystals. Synthetic polymers having carboxylic acid groups function asgood dispersants for precipitated salts such as calcium carbonates. Inthis mechanism, the crystals stay dispersed rather than dissolving inthe aqueous solution.

A third stabilization mechanism involves interference and distortion ofthe crystal structure of the scale by the polymer, thereby making thescale less adherent to surfaces, other forming crystals or existingparticulates.

The addition of synthetic polymers to cleaning compositions can alsoimpart many useful functions to those compositions. For example, theycan function either independently or concurrently as viscosity reducersin processing powdered detergents. They can also serve asanti-redeposition agents, dispersants, scale and deposit inhibitors,crystal modifiers, and/or detergent assistants capable of partially orcompletely replacing materials used as builders while imparting optimumdetergent action properties to surfactants.

Cleaning formulations typically contain builders such as phosphates andcarbonates for boosting their cleaning performance. However, thesebuilders can also precipitate out insoluble salts such as calciumcarbonate and calcium phosphate (in the form of calcium orthophosphate).The salt precipitants form deposits on clothes and dishware, resultingin unsightly films and spots on these articles. Similarly, insolublesalts can cause major problem in downhole oil field applications. Hence,there remains a need for polymers that minimize scaling from insolublesalts found in water treatment, oil field and cleaning formulations.

Synthetic polymers have been used to minimize scale formation in aqueoustreatment systems for a number of years. For example, polymers such aspolyacrylic acid have been used as calcium binding or calcium carbonateinhibiting agents, co-builders and dispersants in detergent and watertreatment applications for decades. However, due to rising demand andtight crude oil supplies, there has recently been a shortage of monomersused in producing these synthetic polymers, driving up production costsfor the polymers. Hence, there is a need for polymers from renewablenatural sources to replace these synthetic polymers. As an addedbenefit, polymers from renewable natural sources should have a betterbiodegradability profile than synthetic polymers, which tend to havevery little biodegradability.

Starches, including oxidized starches as well as other modifiedpolysaccharides, have shown potential use as detergent additives in thepast. For example, it is known to use oxidized inulin as calcium bindingagents. Also, polysaccharide co-builders include those produced fromoxidized glucosan, oxidized dextrins for use in detergent formulations,and low molecular weight carboxylated maltodextrins, likewise for use indetergent applications. Further, it is known to use modifiedpolysaccharides as chelating agents. However, their performance has beenweak at best when compared to synthetic polymers like polyacrylic acid.

Synthetic polymers are typically produced from petroleum-basedfeedstocks. The price of raw materials used to produce such syntheticpolymers has risen sharply in the past few years. Accordingly, modifiedpolysaccharides according to the present invention offer a benefit oversynthetic polymers on a cost-performance basis.

It is also recognized that both synthetic and natural polymerscontaining carboxylic acid groups function well at inhibiting calciumcarbonate. Generally speaking, the greater the amount of carboxylatefunctionality, the greater the amount of calcium carbonate inhibitionthat is provided. However, in most environments the amount of scalepresent is usually greater than what the polymer can inhibit. Hence,there is a need for polymers that can minimize calcium carbonate scaleby a dispersion or crystal growth modification.

Polysaccharides modified with carboxylated groups have been previouslyproposed for calcium binding and hardness control. However, thesenaturally derived products tend not to be as effective as syntheticpolymers in such applications, which is due at least in part to thelimited amount of carboxylic groups that can be introduced onto thepolysaccharide backbone. Therefore, synthetic polymers such aspolyacrylic acid tend to contain more carboxylic acid functionality pergram of material than even highly oxidized polysaccharides. Furthermore,as the degree of substitution or oxidation increases, thebiodegradability of polysaccharides decreases. Therefore, there still isa need for polysaccharides capable of functioning as scale controlagents, dispersants and/or soil suspension agents.

Blends of synthetic polymers and natural polymers tend to beincompatible. Therefore, there is also a need for synthetic and naturalpolymers that are compatible with one another, enabling them to beblended together.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has now been found that modified polysaccharides produced accordingto the process of the present invention have little or no calciumbinding or co-building properties. However, these natural polymers havebeen found to be very good scale control agents as well as dispersantsand soil suspension agents in detergent applications, in part due totheir ability to disperse and/or modify crystal growth properties.Further, these modified polysaccharides have shown performance similarto or better than that of synthetic polymers.

By controlling the oxidation process, modified polysaccharides can beproduced that perform well even though they have little or no calciumbinding. While not being bound by theory, it is believed that relativelylow amounts of substitution makes these molecules attractive to thegrowing crystal surface. As such, these molecules are able to functionas crystal growth inhibitors and dispersants. Calcium binding orco-building properties of polysaccharides may never be as effective assynthetic polymers since synthetic polymers can carry more carboxylicacid per gram of polymer. Therefore, by maximizing their crystal growthmodification and dispersive properties rather than calcium binding,these polymers can be as effective as or more effective than syntheticpolymers in aqueous treatment applications like water treatment anddetergents.

The present invention further discloses modified polysaccharides thatare effective at minimizing a number of different scales, includingphosphate, sulfonate, carbonate and silicate-based scales. Thesescale-minimizing polymers are useful in a variety of systems, includingwater treatment compositions, oil field related compositions such ascement compositions, cleaning formulations and other aqueous treatmentcompositions.

In one aspect, the weight average molecular weight of the modifiedpolysaccharides is between 1000 and 10,000,000. In another aspect, theweight average molecular weight of the modified polysaccharides isbetween 1000 and 1,000,000. In even another aspect, the molecular weightof the modified polysaccharides is between 1000 and 350,000. In anotheraspect, the molecular weight of the modified polysaccharides is between1000 and 100,000.

Modified polysaccharide polymers according to the present invention areuseful in water or aqueous treatment systems for preventing scales suchas calcium carbonate and phosphate scales. In such systems, the polymeris present in an amount of at least about 0.5 mg/L. The modifiedpolysaccharides polymer is also useful in aqueous treatment compositionsor formulations for preventing calcium scales in a water treatmentsystem, wherein the polymer is present in the composition in an amountof about 10% to about 25% by weight of the composition.

The modified polysaccharide polymer can also be used in an aqueoussystem treatment composition for modifying calcium carbonate crystalgrowth, or for minimizing sulfate scale. Still further, the modifiedpolysaccharide polymer can be used in an aqueous treatment system suchas a water treatment system, oilfield system or cleaning system. Whenthe aqueous system is an oilfield system, the sulfate scale minimizedcan be barium sulfate scale.

When present in aqueous treatment compositions, the modifiedpolysaccharide is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 25% byweight of the aqueous treatment composition. In another aspect, thepolymer is present in an amount of about 0.5% to about 5% by weight ofthe composition.

The present invention further includes a mineral dispersant having themodified polysaccharides polymer. This mineral dispersant is able todisperse talc, titanium dioxide, mica, precipitated calcium carbonate,ground calcium carbonate, precipitated silica, silicate, iron oxide,clay, kaolin clay, gypsum or combinations thereof.

The modified polysaccharide polymer is also useful in cleaningformulations, wherein the polymer is present in an amount of about 0.01%to about 10% by weight of the cleaning formulation. Such cleaningformulations can include a phosphorus-based and/or carbonate builder.The cleaning formulation can be an automatic dishwashing detergentformulation. This automatic dishwashing detergent formulation caninclude builders, surfactants, enzymes, solvents, hydrotropes, fillers,bleach, perfumes and/or colorants.

In yet another aspect, the modified polysaccharide can be used as abinder for fiberglass. Fiberglass insulation products are generallyformed by bonding glass fibers together with a polymeric binder.Typically, an aqueous polymer binder is sprayed onto matted glass fiberssoon after they have been formed and while they are still hot. Thepolymer binder tends to accumulate at the junctions where fibers crosseach other, thereby holding the fibers together at these points. Heatfrom the hot fibers vaporizes most of the water in the binder. Thefiberglass binder must be flexible so that the final fiberglass productcan be compressed for packaging and shipping and later recover to itsfull vertical dimension when installed.

In yet another aspect, addition of certain hydrophobic moieties producesstable blends of synthetic and these natural polymers.

The present invention further provides a process for preparing modifiedpolysaccharide compositions with carboxyl and aldehyde functionalgroups. This process involves oxidation of the polysaccharide in anaqueous medium with an oxidant having an equivalent oxidizing power ofup to 106.37 g active chlorine per mole of polysaccharide anhydrosugarunit (“ASU”) and a mediating amount of nitroxyl radical. The reaction iscarried out at a temperature from about 5° C. to about 50° C. and a pHof from about 6.0 to about 11.0. The resulting product can have up toabout 70 mole % carboxyl groups per mole of polysaccharide ASU and up toabout 20 mole % aldehyde groups per mole of polysaccharide ASU.

According to the process, controlled degradation of the oxidizedpolysaccharide occurs under alkaline conditions, forming a lowermolecular weight version and ready-for-use (RFU) dispersion of themodified polysaccharide with carboxyl and aldehyde functional groups.Optionally, the resulting dispersion can be dried to form a cold watersoluble (CWS) RFU powder version of the lower molecular weight modifiedpolysaccharide with carboxyl and aldehyde functional groups.

Accordingly, the present invention provides for an aqueous treatmentcomposition that includes at least one modified polysaccharide having upto about 70 mole % carboxyl groups per mole of polysaccharide ASU and upto about 20 mole % aldehyde groups per mole of polysaccharide ASU. Thepolysaccharide is present in the composition in an amount of at leastabout 0.5 mg/L, and the composition is able to prevent scale formation.In one aspect the polysaccharide is present in the composition in anamount of about 10% to about 25% by weight of the composition. Theaqueous system treatment composition is suitable for modifying calciumcarbonate crystal growth.

The composition can also optionally include one or more syntheticpolymers. Examples of suitable polymers that work in conjunction withthe polysaccharide include polymaleic acid, polyacrylic acid,polymethacrylic acid, acrylic maleic copolymers, acrylamide copolymersand copolymers containing sulfonation, where the sulfonation is providedby comonomers such as vinyl sulfonate, (meth)allyl sulfonate,(meth)acrylamido methyl propane sulfonic acid, sodium styrene sulfonate,sulfo-phenyl methallyl ether. All of these (co)polymers might further bemodified with nonionic or hydrophobic moieties as required.

Further, synthetic or natural rheology modifiers suitable for useinclude crosslinked polyacrylic acid, methacrylic acid copolymers,polyurethanes, guar gum, xanthan gum, carboxymethyl cellulose andhydroxyethyl cellulose. Polymers and copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone,vinyl imidazole, amines and amine oxides are also useful.

In a further aspect the aqueous treatment composition may furtherinclude at least one phosphonate moiety. This can be in the form of ablend of the at least one polysaccharide and at least one phosphonatemoiety. Likewise, the aqueous treatment composition can be in the formof a blend of the at least one polysaccharide, at least one syntheticpolymer and at least one phosphonate moiety.

The present invention further provides for a cleaning formulation havinga modified polysaccharide having up to about 70 mole % carboxyl groupsper mole of polysaccharide ASU and up to about 20 mole % aldehyde groupsper mole of polysaccharide ASU. The polymer can be present in theformulation in an amount of about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of thecleaning formulation. The cleaning formulation can also include aphosphorus-based and/or a carbonate builder. In a further aspect, thecleaning formulation includes synthetic polymers.

In one embodiment the cleaning formulation is an automatic dishwashingdetergent formulation. This automatic dishwashing detergent formulationcan include, for example, builders, surfactants, enzymes, solvents,hydrotropes, fillers, bleach, perfumes and/or colorants.

The present invention further provides for a mineral dispersant having amodified polysaccharide having up to about 70 mole % carboxyl groups permole of polysaccharide ASU and up to about 20 mole % aldehyde groups permole of polysaccharide ASU. The mineral dispersed can be, for example,talc, titanium dioxide, mica, precipitated calcium carbonate, groundcalcium carbonate, precipitated silica, silicate, iron oxide, clay,kaolin clay or combinations thereof.

The present invention further provides for an aqueous treatment systemhaving a modified polysaccharide having up to about 70 mole % carboxylgroups per mole of polysaccharide ASU and up to about 20 mole % aldehydegroups per mole of polysaccharide ASU. The aqueous treatment system canbe, for example, a water treatment system, oilfield system or cleaningsystem. When the system includes the modified polysaccharide, it is ableto minimize carbonate, phosphate and sulfate scale. When the system isan oilfield system, the sulfate scale minimized can be, for example,barium sulfate scale.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides for a fiberglassbinder having a modified polysaccharide having up to about 70 mole %carboxyl groups per mole of polysaccharide ASU and up to about 20 mole %aldehyde groups per mole of polysaccharide ASU.

The present invention also provides for a process for preparing anaqueous treatment composition. This process involves oxidizing apolysaccharide in an aqueous medium, wherein the aqueous medium has anoxidant having an equivalent oxidizing power of up to 106.37 g activechlorine per mole of polysaccharide anhydrosugar unit (“ASU”) and amediating amount of nitroxyl radical. The oxidized polysaccharide isthen degraded, forming a dispersion of the low molecular weight versionof the polysaccharide having carboxyl and aldehyde functional groups.When the polysaccharide is granular, such as a granular starch, it isfiltered and washed to remove the nitroxyl mediator and any saltby-products prior to degradation. Once oxidized and degraded, thismodified polysaccharide can then be added to the aqueous treatmentcomposition. In an optional step, the polysaccharide can be modified bycrosslinking. Crosslinking can be carried out prior to oxidation. Thisis especially beneficial when the polysaccharide is a granular starch.In an optional step, the polysaccharide dispersion can be dried prior toadding it to the aqueous treatment composition. This drying step can beperformed by freeze-drying or by spray-drying the polysaccharidedispersion.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a 1 hour snapshot of dispersancy performance of six oxidizedstarch samples, all at 0.1%, and a 0.1% ALCOSPERSE® 602N detergentadditive sample.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a non-evaporative dynamic test rig.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The modified polysaccharides polymers of the present invention provideexcellent scale inhibition and deposition control under a wide varietyof conditions. For instance, the inventive polymers have been found tominimize calcium carbonate scale formation and deposition.

The composition and molecular weight of the inventive polymers are suchthat they can act as a crystal modifier, thereby contributing tominimizing calcium carbonate scaling. Furthermore, the inventivepolymers are effective at minimizing sulfate scale in oil fieldtreatment applications.

The modified polysaccharides polymers are also highly effective atdispersing particulate matter such as minerals, clays, salts, metallicores and metallic oxides. Specific examples include talc, titaniumdioxide, mica, silica, silicates, carbon black, iron oxide, kaolin clay,titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate and aluminum oxide. Theseparticulates can be found in a variety of applications such as coatings,plastics, rubbers, filtration products, cosmetics, food, paints,drilling mud and paper coatings.

According to the present invention, polysaccharides are selectivelyoxidized in an aqueous system using an oxidant with a nitroxyl radicalmediator under defined conditions. The selectively oxidizedpolysaccharides have both carboxyl and aldehyde functional groupspresent, largely in the C6 position of the ASU. Once oxidized, they canthen be converted into their lower molecular weight analogs as RFU(‘ready-for-use’) dispersions. For polysaccharides that are granular(e.g., granular starches), this degradation step occurs by an alkalineprocess that simultaneously disperses the oxidized polysaccharide whilecausing its degradation to lower molecular weights in a controlledmanner. Optionally, these dispersions can be converted to CWS powders byspray or freeze-drying.

When the polysaccharide is starch, the starch base material useful inthis invention can be any of a variety of starches, native or modified.These starches include those derived from any plant source, for example,corn, potato, sweet potato, wheat, rice, tapioca, waxy maize, sago,sorghum and high amylose starch (i.e., starch having at least 45% byweight of amylose content) such as high amylose corn. Starch flours canalso be used as a starch source. Also included are conversion productsderived from any of the former base, derivatized and crosslinkedstarches (e.g., dextrins prepared by the hydrolytic action of acidand/or heat; and fluidity or thin-boiling starches prepared by enzymeconversion or mild acid hydrolysis).

The starches can be modified with cationic, anionic, amphoteric,zwitterionic, hydrophobic and nonionic groups, as well as combinationsof such groups. Modification of the starch can be carried out by wellknown chemical reactions with reagents containing groups such as amino,imino, ammonium, sulfonium or phosphonium groups as disclosed, forexample, in MODIFIED STARCHES: PROPERTIES AND USES, (1986). Suchderivatives include those containing nitrogen containing groupscomprising primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary amines, as wellas sulfonium and phosphonium groups attached through either ether orester linkages.

When the polysaccharide is a gum, applicable bases that can be usedherein include polygalactomannans (hetero-polysaccharides composedprincipally of long chains of β-D-mannopyranosyl units to which singleunit side chains of α-D-galactopyranosyl units are joined). Alsoincluded are degraded gum products resulting from the hydrolytic actionof acid, heat, shear and/or enzyme; oxidized gums; and derivatized gums.Suitable gum bases include guar, locust bean, tara and fenugreek gums.

Other suitable polysaccharide bases useful in the present inventioninclude, for example, pullulan, chitin, chitosan, gum arabic, agar,algin, carrageenan, xanthan, gellan, welan, rhamsan, curdlanscleroglucan, tamarind gum, and hemicelluloses such as arabinogalactansand corn fiber gum and their derivatives.

When the polysaccharide is cellulose, applicable bases useful hereininclude cellulose and cellulose derivatives such as water solublecellulose ethers (e.g., carboxymethylcellulose and alkyl andhydroxyalkylcelluloses such as methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl methylcellulose,hydroxybutyl methylcellulose, and ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose).

Methods for preparing modified polysaccharide bases are well known tothose skilled in the art and have been discussed in the literature. See,for example, R. L. Whistler, METHODS IN CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY, Vol. IV,pp. 279-311 (1964); R. L. Whistler et al., STARCH CHEMISTRY ANDTECHNOLOGY, Vol. II, pp. 293-430 (1967); R. L. Whistler and J. N.Bemiller, Eds., INDUSTRIAL GUMS, 3^(rd) Ed., Chpt. 3 (1993); R. L.Davidson and N. Sittig, WATER SOLUBLE RESINS, 2^(nd) Ed., Chpt. 2(1968); and R. L. Davidson, HANDBOOK OF WATER SOLUBLE GUMS AND RESINS(1980).

As exemplified herein, polysaccharides can be first modified with one ormore groups, such as sulfonates, phosphates and/or phosphonates, priorto oxidation. However, it should be understood that the polysaccharidescan also be modified post-oxidation, for example, as describedhereinafter.

Modified polysaccharides prepared according to the present invention areobtained by a selective oxidation process that is carried out in anaqueous system using an oxidant with a nitroxyl radical mediator underdefined conditions. This process for the preparation of the modifiedpolysaccharides compositions with carboxyl and aldehyde functionalgroups involves oxidizing the polysaccharide in an aqueous medium withan oxidant having an equivalent oxidizing power of up to 106.37 g activechlorine per mole of polysaccharide anhydrosugar unit (“ASU”) and amediating amount of nitroxyl radical. The reaction is carried out at atemperature of from about 5° C. to 50° C. and a pH of from about 6.0 toabout 11.0. The resulting product has up to about 70 mole % carboxylgroups per mole of polysaccharide ASU and up to about 20 mole % aldehydegroups per mole of starch ASU.

When the polysaccharide is a starch, oxidation can be performed whilethe starch is in its granular state. The oxidized starch is thenfiltered and washed while still in the granular form to remove thenitroxyl mediator and the salt by-products formed as a result of theoxidation.

The oxidized polysaccharide then is controllably degraded by cooking thepolysaccharide, forming an RFU dispersion of the lower molecular weightversion of the modified polysaccharide with carboxyl and aldehydefunctional groups. When the polysaccharide is an oxidized granularstarch, this degradation is effected under alkaline conditions such thatthe starch is dispersed as it is degraded. Optionally, the resultingpolysaccharide dispersion can be dried by spray drying or freeze dryingto form a CWS RFU powder version of the lower molecular weight modifiedpolysaccharide with carboxyl and aldehyde functional groups.

In another embodiment, a process for the preparation of the modifiedpolysaccharide compositions with carboxyl and aldehyde functional groupsinvolves modification of the polysaccharide by crosslinking it. Forstarches, it is beneficial if the crosslinking occurs while the starchis in the granular state. The crosslinked polysaccharide is thenoxidized in an aqueous slurry with an oxidant having an equivalentoxidizing power of up to 106.37 g active chlorine per mole ofpolysaccharide anhydrosugar unit (“ASU”) and a mediating amount ofnitroxyl radical. The reaction is carried out at a temperature of fromabout 5° C. to about 50° C. and a pH of from about 6.0 to about 11.0.The resulting product can have up to about 70 mole % carboxyl groups permole of polysaccharide ASU and up to about 20 mole % aldehyde groups permole of polysaccharide ASU. Crosslinking can also occur after oxidation.

Once crosslinked and oxidized, the polysaccharide then is controllablydegraded by cooking, forming an RFU dispersion of the lower molecularweight version of the modified polysaccharide with carboxyl and aldehydefunctional groups. When the polysaccharide is a crosslinked, oxidizedgranular starch, it is filtered and washed while still in the granularform (i.e., prior to degradation) in order to remove the nitroxylmediator and any salt by-products formed as a result of the oxidation.Degradation of the granular starch occurs under alkaline conditions.Optionally, the resulting dispersion can be dried by spray drying orfreeze drying to form a CWS RFU powder version of the lower molecularweight modified starch with carboxyl and aldehyde functional groups.

The nitroxyl radical mediator used herein is a di-tertiary alkylnitroxyl radical having one of the following formulas:

wherein A represents a chain of two or three atoms, for example, carbonatoms or a combination of one or two carbon atoms with an oxygen ornitrogen atom, and the R groups represent the same or different alkylgroups. Chain A can be substituted by one or more groups (e.g., alkyl,alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, amino, amido or oxo groups), or by a divalentgroup or multivalent group which is bound to one or more other groupshaving formula I. Particularly useful nitroxyl radicals are di-tertiaryalkyl nitroxyl radicals having the formula:

wherein Y is H, OH or NH—C(O)—CH₃ and each of the R groups represent thesame or different alkyl groups of 1 to 18 carbon atoms. In one aspect,one or more of the R groups are methyl groups.

Nitroxyl radicals of this type include, for example, those where the Rgroups are all methyl (or alkyl of 1 carbon atom) and Y is H (i.e.,2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperdinyloxy (TEMPO)); the R groups are allmethyl and Y is OH (identified as 4-hydroxy-TEMPO); and the R groups areall methyl and Y is NH—C(O)—CH₃ (identified as 4-acetamido-TEMPO). Inone aspect, the nitroxyl radical is TEMPO or 4-acetamido-TEMPO.

The nitroxyl radical is used in an effective amount to mediate theoxidation. In one embodiment, about 0.001 to 20 mole % of the nitroxylradical is used. In another embodiment, about 0.01 to 5 mole % of thenitroxyl radical is used based on moles of polysaccharide ASU. Thenitroxyl radical can be added to the reaction mixture or generated insitu from the corresponding hydroxylamine or oxoammonium salts.

The oxidant used in this invention can be any material capable ofconverting nitroxyl radicals to their corresponding oxoammonium salt.These include the alkali or alkaline-earth metal hypohalite salts suchas sodium hypochlorite, lithium hypochlorite, potassium hypochlorite andcalcium hypochlorite. An alkali or alkaline-earth metal hypobromite saltcan also be used. It can be added in the form of the hypobromite saltitself (e.g., sodium hypobromite), or it can be formed in situ from theaddition of a suitable oxidant such as sodium hypochlorite and an alkalior alkaline-earth metal bromide salt.

Additional useful oxidants method include alkali or alkaline-earth metalchlorites or bromites such as sodium chlorite or sodium bromite,hydrogen peroxide in combination with a transition metal catalyst suchas methyl trioxorhenium (VII); hydrogen peroxide in combination with anenzyme; oxygen in combination with a transition metal catalyst; oxygenin combination with an enzyme; peroxyacids such as peracetic acid and3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid; alkali or alkaline-earth metal salts ofpersulfates such as potassium persulfate and sodium persulfate; alkalior alkaline-earth metal salts of peroxymonosulfates such as potassiumperoxymonosulfate; chloramines such as1,3,5-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)trione,1,3-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)trione sodium salt,1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin,1-bromo-3-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, and1-chloro-2,5-pyrrolidinedione; and alkali or alkaline-earth metal saltsof ferricyanide. This list of oxidants is only illustrative and is notintended to be exhaustive. Several oxidants can be used in combinationat once or sequentially. The oxidants can be used alone or incombination with an alkali or alkaline-earth metal bromide salt. In oneaspect the oxidant is sodium hypochlorite or sodium hypobromite formedfrom the addition of sodium hypochlorite and sodium bromide.

The oxidant should be used in an amount having an equivalent oxidizingpower of up to 106.37 g active chlorine per mole of polysaccharide ASU.In one aspect the amount of oxidant used has an equivalent oxidizingpower of from about 3.55 to about 99.27 g of active chlorine. In anotheraspect the amount of oxidant used has an equivalent oxidizing power offrom about 3.55 to about 78.00 g of active chlorine. In even anotheraspect the amount of oxidant used has an equivalent oxidizing power offrom about 3.55 to 63.82 g active chlorine. In another aspect the amountof oxidant used has an equivalent oxidizing power of from about 3.55 toabout 49.63 g active chlorine per mole of polysaccharide ASU. In evenanother aspect the amount of oxidant used has an equivalent oxidizingpower of from about 3.55 to about 24.82 g active chlorine per mole ofpolysaccharide ASU.

When sodium hypochlorite is used it can be added in an amount of up toabout 150 mole percent based on moles of polysaccharide ASU. In oneaspect sodium hypochlorite is used in an amount of from about 5 to 140mole percent. In another aspect sodium hypochlorite is used in an amountof from about 5 to 110 mole percent. In even another aspect sodiumhypochlorite is used in an amount of from about 5 to 90 mole percent. Inone aspect sodium hypochlorite is used in an amount of from about 5 toabout 70 mole percent based on moles of polysaccharide ASU. In anotheraspect sodium hypochlorite is used in an amount of from about 5 to 35mole percent. By controlling both the amount of oxidant and its rate ofaddition under defined aqueous conditions, the generation of bothcarboxyl and the aldehyde functional groups, largely in the C6 positionof the polysaccharide ASU, is ensured at effective levels.

Oxidation can be carried out in an organic or aqueous solution or in anaqueous slurry of the polysaccharide. This is accomplished by slow andcontrolled addition of the oxidant to the aqueous polysaccharidesolution or slurry containing a mediating quantity of the nitroxylradical so as to keep the reaction temperature below the maximumtemperature of 50° C. In another aspect, the reaction temperature iskept in a temperature range of from about 5 to about 50° C. In evenanother aspect, the reaction temperature is kept in a temperature rangeof from about 10 to 30° C. The pH of the slurry is maintained betweenabout 6 and about 11. In another aspect, the pH is maintained betweenabout 8 and 10. The oxidant can be added as a hypochlorite orhypobromite (e.g., sodium hypochlorite or sodium hypobromite), or thehypobromite can be formed in situ by first adding sodium bromide andthen adding the sodium hypochlorite solution to generate the hypobromitein situ.

The importance of carrying out selective oxidation of polysaccharidesunder the defined conditions of this invention is that oxidizedpolysaccharides are produced having both carboxyl and aldehydefunctionalities. These products have carboxyl groups (largely in the C6position of the polysaccharide ASU) in amounts of up to about 70 mole %.In one aspect, these products have carboxyl groups in amounts of fromabout 1 to about 70 mole %. In another aspect, these products havecarboxyl groups in amounts of from about 2 to 50 mole % based on molesof polysaccharide ASU. In one aspect, these products have carboxylgroups in amounts of from about 2 to 40 mole % based on moles ofpolysaccharide ASU. In another aspect, these products have carboxylgroups in amounts of from about 2 to 30 mole % based on moles ofpolysaccharide ASU. In even another aspect, these products have carboxylgroups in amounts of from about 2 to 15 mole % based on moles ofpolysaccharide ASU. These products will also have aldehyde groups(largely in the C6 position of the polysaccharide ASU) in amounts of upto about 20 mole %. In one aspect these products will have aldehydegroups in amounts from about 1 to 15 mole % based on moles ofpolysaccharide ASU.

Oxidation can be carried out either in the heterogeneous state (slurryreaction) for water insoluble polysaccharides, or in the solution statefor soluble polysaccharides. Slurry reactions are typically performed atup to 40% solids. In one aspect, slurry reactions are carried out atfrom about 0.1 to about 40% solids. In another aspect, slurry reactionsare carried out at from about 20 to 40% solids. Homogeneous reactionsare carried out at up to 30% solids. In one aspect, homogeneous actionsare carried out at from about 0.1 to about 30% solids. In anotheraspect, homogeneous actions are carried out at from about 5 to about 20%solids.

When the polysaccharide used is starch, the starch can be oxidized in agranular or slurry state aqueous reaction. In this manner the starchgranule remains intact throughout the oxidation reaction. This isfurther ensured if the starch is crosslinked prior to oxidation. Whenthe reaction is complete the pH of the slurry is adjusted to at or belowabout 4. In one aspect the slurry pH is adjusted to be from about 3 to4, during which time carboxylate groups are partially protonated to thecarboxylic acids. The oxidized starch is then recovered by filtrationand washed with water which removes the nitroxide mediator and saltby-products of the oxidation reaction. The oxidized starch can either bemoved to the next step in the process in wet cake form, or dried forlong term storage before proceeding to the next step in the process.

In one embodiment, the generation and presence of aldehyde groups inaddition to carboxyl groups in oxidized polysaccharides provides anadded benefit in the next step in the process. This step involves thesimultaneous dispersion (usually by cooking) of the modifiedpolysaccharide with carboxyl and aldehyde functional groups anddegradation in a controlled manner to lower its molecular weight. (NOTE:The polysaccharide can already be dispersed prior to degradation, forexample, when it is a water-soluble polysaccharide.) In this manner, anRFU version of the oxidized polysaccharide is generated while convertingit to its lower molecular weight form, also essential for the end-useapplications discussed herein. Moreover, the aldehyde groups also serveas useful reactive functional groups that, if desired, can be convertedinto other functional groups by reacting with reagents containingfunctionality capable of reacting with an aldehyde. More particularly,they can be further oxidized to generate additional carboxylic acidgroups or reductively modified or reacted with reagents having aldehydereactive functionality (e.g., hydroxyl, amino, amido, thiol, imido andsulfite groups or combinations thereof). This list of reagent groups isonly illustrative and is not intended to be exhaustive. One particularlyuseful conversion of the aldehyde groups involves their reaction withbisulfite groups such as with sodium bisulfite or potassium bisulfite,resulting in what is commonly known as bisulfite adducts of aldehydegroups. The net result of this reaction is the effective conversion ofall or some of the aldehyde functionality in the oxidized starches tosulfonate or sulfonic acid groups.

Oxidized polysaccharides according to this invention that are producedhaving both carboxyl and aldehyde functionality are controllablydegraded by cooking under alkaline conditions, forming an RFU dispersionof the lower molecular weight version of the modified polysaccharidewith carboxyl and aldehyde functional groups. This one-pot process iscarried out at from 1 to 40 weight % of the modified polysaccharide withcarboxyl and aldehyde functional groups in water. In another aspect, theprocess is carried out at from 5 to 30 weight %. The pH is adjusted toabout 7 to about 12.5 using standard procedures. In one aspect, the pHis adjusted to about 9 to about 11. The temperature is adjusted tobetween about 40° C. and about 100° C. The mixture is agitated, forexample by mechanical means, for anywhere from about 10 minutes to about5 hours depending on pH, temperature and degree of conversion required.During this agitation process the pH can be re-adjusted as necessary.

Typically, during this stage of the process the oxidized polysaccharideswells (especially if the polysaccharide is an oxidized, granularstarch), increasing the viscosity of the mixture, and then disperseswhile concurrently converting into lower molecular weights, finallyresulting in a low viscosity solution. Conversion or controlleddegradation of oxidized polysaccharides during this process isfacilitated by alkali catalyzed degradation of the polysaccharidebackbone at the aldehyde functional ASU's. Therefore, the presence andcontrolled generation of aldehyde groups in addition to carboxyl groupsin the initial oxidation step of the overall process affects theconversion process, which in turn is critical for achieving the requiredmolecular weights for the various end-use applications described herein.At the end of the prescribed period of dispersion and alkali treatment,the solution of converted modified polysaccharides with carboxyl andaldehyde functional groups is cooled down and, if necessary, adjusted toa pH of about 4 to 7.

This RFU solution of low molecular weight modified polysaccharide withcarboxyl and aldehyde functional groups can be used directly in theend-use application. However, if required, it can also be freeze-driedor spray-dried to obtain a CWS powder form of the low molecular weightmodified polysaccharide with carboxyl and aldehyde functional groups.Various methods of spray-drying are known and can be used in thisinvention. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,318,635 describes usefulspray-drying methods.

In another embodiment of this invention the two-step process ofdispersing/converting and spray-drying of the modified starch withcarboxyl and aldehyde functional groups is be carried out in a singlestep by continuous coupled jet-cooking/spray-drying as disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 5,131,953. This process includes forming an alkaline slurry ora paste comprising the oxidized starch and water. The alkaline aqueousslurry or paste is jet cooked with steam at a temperature sufficient tofully disperse or solubilize and convert the oxidized starch. Thisjet-cooked dispersion or solution is conveyed and introduced under hightemperature and pressure into a nozzle of the spray-dryer. Thejet-cooked dispersion or solution is then atomized through the nozzle ofthe spray-dryer and dried within the spray-dryer chamber. The jet-cookedand spray-dried low molecular weight modified polysaccharide withcarboxyl and aldehyde functional groups is then recovered as a CWSpowder.

Another useful spray-drying technique is the steam-injection/dual andsingle atomization processes as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,280,851,4,600,472 and 5,149,799. The temperature and pressure conditions used inthe spray-drying operation can vary depending on the particularpolysaccharide material being used. Typically, the temperature will varyfrom about 80 to 220° C. and the pressure from about 20 to 150 psig.

Water Treatment Systems—

Industrial water treatment includes prevention of calcium scales due toprecipitation of calcium salts such as calcium carbonate, calciumsulfate and calcium phosphate. These salts are inversely soluble,meaning that their solubility decreases as the temperature increases.For industrial applications where higher temperatures and higherconcentrations of salts are present, this usually translates toprecipitation occurring at the heat transfer surfaces. The precipitatingsalts can then deposit onto the surface, resulting in a layer of calciumscale. The calcium scale can lead to heat transfer loss in the systemand cause overheating of production processes. This scaling can alsopromote localized corrosion.

Calcium phosphate, unlike calcium carbonate, generally is not anaturally occurring problem. However, orthophosphates are commonly addedto industrial systems (and sometimes to municipal water systems) as acorrosion inhibitor for ferrous metals, typically at levels between2.0-20.0 mg/L. Therefore, calcium phosphate precipitation can not onlyresult in those scaling problems previously discussed, but can alsoresult in severe corrosion problems as the orthophosphate is removedfrom solution. As a consequence, industrial cooling systems requireperiodic maintenance wherein the system must be shut down, cleaned andthe water replaced. Lengthening the time between maintenance shutdownssaves costs and is desirable.

It is advantageous to reuse the water in industrial water treatmentsystems as much as possible. Still, water can be lost over time due tovarious mechanisms, e.g., evaporation. As a consequence, dissolved andsuspended solids become more concentrated over time. Cycles ofconcentration refers to the number of times solids in a particularvolume of water are concentrated. The quality of the makeup waterdetermines how many cycles of concentration can be tolerated. In coolingtower applications where makeup water is hard (i.e., poor quality), 2 to4 cycles would be considered normal, while 5 and above would representstressed conditions. Modified polysaccharide polymers according to thepresent invention perform particularly well under stressed conditions.

One way to lengthen the time between maintenance in a water treatmentsystem is by use of polymers that function in either inhibitingformation of calcium salts or in modifying crystal growth. Crystalgrowth modifying polymers alter the crystal morphology from regularstructures, e.g., cubic, to irregular structures such as needlelike orflorets. Because of the change in form, crystals that are deposited areeasily removed from the surface simply by mechanical agitation resultingfrom water flowing past the surface. Modified polysaccharides accordingto the present invention are particularly useful at inhibiting calciumphosphate based scale formation such as calcium orthophosphate. Further,these inventive polysaccharides also modify crystal growth of calciumcarbonate scale. Modified polysaccharides according to the presentinvention have been found to be particularly useful in minimizing scaleby dispersion, as well as by crystal growth modification.

The modified polysaccharide polymers of the present invention can beadded to the aqueous systems neat, or they can be formulated intovarious water treatment compositions and then added to the aqueoussystems. In certain aqueous systems where large volumes of water arecontinuously treated to maintain low levels of deposited matter, thepolymers can be used at levels as low as 0.5 mg/L. The upper limit onthe amount of polysaccharide used depends upon the particular aqueoussystem treated. For example, when used to disperse particulate matterthe polysaccharide can be used at levels ranging from about 0.5 to about2000 mg/L. When used to inhibit the formation or deposition of mineralscale the polymer can be used at levels ranging from about 0.5 to about100 mg/L, in another embodiment from about 3 to about 20 mg/L, and inanother embodiment from about 5 to about 10 mg/L.

Once prepared, the modified polysaccharides can be incorporated into awater treatment composition that includes these polysaccharides andother water treatment chemicals. These other chemicals can include,e.g., corrosion inhibitors such as orthophosphates, zinc compounds andtolyltriazole. As indicated above, the amount of inventive polymerutilized in the water treatment compositions varies based upon thetreatment level desired for the particular aqueous system treated. Watertreatment compositions generally contain from about 10 to about 25percent by weight of the modified polysaccharide.

The modified polysaccharides can be used in any aqueous system whereinstabilization of mineral salts is important, such as in heat transferdevices, boilers, secondary oil recovery wells, automatic dishwashers,and substrates that are washed with hard water. The modifiedpolysaccharides are especially effective under stressed conditions inwhich other scale inhibitors fail.

The modified polysaccharides polymers can stabilize many minerals foundin water, including, but not limited to, iron, zinc, phosphonate, andmanganese. The polymers also disperse particulate found in aqueoussystems.

Modified polysaccharide polymers according to the present invention canbe used to inhibit scales, stabilize minerals and disperse particulatesin many types of processes. Examples of such processes include sugarmill anti-scalant; soil conditioning; treatment of water for use inindustrial processes such as mining, oilfields, pulp and paperproduction, and other similar processes; waste water treatment; groundwater remediation; water purification by processes such as reverseosmosis and desalination; air-washer systems; corrosion inhibition;boiler water treatment; as a biodispersant; and chemical cleaning ofscale and corrosion deposits. One skilled in the art can conceive ofmany other similar applications for which the modified polysaccharidescould be useful.

Cleaning Formulations—

The modified polysaccharides of this invention can also be used in awide variety of cleaning formulations containing phosphate-basedbuilders. For example, these formulations can be in the form of apowder, liquid or unit doses such as tablets or capsules. Further, theseformulations can be used to clean a variety of substrates such asclothes, dishes, and hard surfaces such as bathroom and kitchensurfaces. The formulations can also be used to clean surfaces inindustrial and institutional cleaning applications.

In cleaning formulations, the modified polymers can be diluted in thewash liquor to the end use level. The modified polysaccharides aretypically dosed at 0.01 to 1000 ppm in the aqueous wash solutions. Thesepolymers can minimize deposition of phosphate based scale in fabric,dishwash and hard surface cleaning applications. The polymers also helpin minimizing encrustation on fabrics. Additionally, the polysaccharidepolymers minimize filming and spotting on dishes. Dishes can includeglass, plastics, china, cutlery, etc.

Optional components in the detergent formulations include, but are notlimited to, ion exchangers, alkalies, anticorrosion materials,anti-redeposition materials, optical brighteners, fragrances, dyes,fillers, chelating agents, enzymes, fabric whiteners and brighteners,sudsing control agents, solvents, hydrotropes, bleaching agents, bleachprecursors, buffering agents, soil removal agents, soil release agents,fabric softening agent and opacifiers. These optional components maycomprise up to about 90 weight % of the detergent formulation.

The modified polysaccharides of this invention can be incorporated intohand dish, autodish and hard surface cleaning formulations. Thesepolymers can also be incorporated into rinse aid formulations used inautodish formulations. Autodish formulations can contain a variety ofingredients, including builders such as phosphates and carbonates,bleaches and bleach activators, and silicates. These formulations canalso include enzymes, buffers, perfumes, anti-foam agents, processingaids, and so forth. Autodish gel systems containing hypochlorite bleachare particularly hard on polymers due to the high pH required tomaintain bleach stability.

Hard surface cleaning formulations can contain other adjunct ingredientsand carriers. Examples of adjunct ingredients include, withoutlimitation, buffers, builders, chelants, filler salts, dispersants,enzymes, enzyme boosters, perfumes, thickeners, clays, solvents,surfactants and mixtures thereof.

One skilled in the art will recognize that the amount of modifiedpolysaccharide polymer(s) required depends upon the cleaning formulationand the benefit they provide to the formulation. In one aspect, uselevels can be about 0.01 weight % to about 10 weight % of the cleaningformulation. In another embodiment, use levels can be about 0.1 weight %to about 2 weight % of the cleaning formulation.

Oilfield Scale Application—

Scale formation is a major problem in oilfield applications.Subterranean oil recovery operations can involve the injection of anaqueous solution into the oil formation to help move the oil through theformation and to maintain the pressure in the reservoir as fluids arebeing removed. The injected water, either surface water (lake or river)or seawater (for operations offshore) can contain soluble salts such assulfates and carbonates. These salts tend to be incompatible with ionsalready present in the oil-containing reservoir (formation water). Theformation water can contain high concentrations of certain ions that areencountered at much lower levels in normal surface water, such asstrontium, barium, zinc and calcium. Partially soluble inorganic salts,such as barium sulfate and calcium carbonate, often precipitate from theproduction water as conditions affecting solubility, such as temperatureand pressure, change within the producing well bores and topsides. Thisis especially prevalent when incompatible waters are encountered such asformation water, seawater, or produced water.

Barium sulfate and strontium sulfate form very hard, very insolublescales that are difficult to prevent. Barium sulfate or other inorganicsupersaturated salts can precipitate onto the formation forming scale,thereby clogging the formation and restricting the recovery of oil fromthe reservoir. The insoluble salts can also precipitate onto productiontubing surfaces and associated extraction equipment, limitingproductivity, production efficiency and compromising safety. Certainoil-containing formation waters are known to contain high bariumconcentrations of 400 ppm, and higher. Since barium sulfate forms aparticularly insoluble salt, the solubility of which declines rapidlywith temperature, it is difficult to inhibit scale formation and toprevent plugging of the oil formation and topside processes and safetyequipment.

Dissolution of sulfate scales is difficult, requiring high pH, longcontact times, heat and circulation, and can only be performed topside.Alternatively, milling and in some cases high-pressure water washing canbe used. These are expensive, invasive procedures and require processshutdown. The modified polysaccharides of this invention can minimizesulfate scales, especially downhole sulfate scales.

Dispersant for Particulates—

Modified polysaccharides according to the present invention can be usedas a dispersant for pigments in applications such as paper coatings,paints and other coating applications. Examples of pigments that can bedispersed by the inventive polymers include titanium dioxide, kaolinclays, modified kaolin clays, calcium carbonates and synthetic calciumcarbonates, iron oxides, carbon black, talc, mica, silica, silicates,and aluminum oxide. Typically, the more hydrophobic the pigment thebetter polymers according to the present invention perform in dispersingparticulates. These particulate matters are found in a variety ofapplications, including but not limited to, coatings, plastics, rubbers,filtration products, cosmetics, food, paints, drilling mud and papercoatings.

Fiberglass Sizing—

Fiberglass is usually sized with phenol-formaldehyde resins orpolyacrylic acid based resins. The former has the disadvantage ofreleasing formaldehyde during end use. The polyacrylic acid resin systemhas become uneconomical due to rising crude oil prices. Hence, there isa need for renewable sizing materials in this industry. The modifiedpolysaccharides of this invention are a good fit for this application.They can be used by themselves or in conjunction with the phenolformaldehyde or polyacrylic acid binder system.

The binder composition is generally applied to a fiber glass mat as itis being formed by means of a suitable spray applicator. The sprayapplicator aids in distributing the binder solution evenly throughoutthe formed fiberglass mat. Solids are typically present in the aqueoussolution in amounts of about 5 to 25 percent by weight of totalsolution. The binder may also be applied by other means known in theart, including, but not limited to, airless spray, air spray, padding,saturating, and roll coating.

Residual heat from the fibers volatizes water away from the binder. Theresultant high-solids binder-coated fiberglass mat is allowed to expandvertically due to the resiliency of the glass fibers. The fiberglass matis then heated to cure the binder. Typically, curing ovens operate at atemperature of from 130° C. to 325° C. However, the binder compositionof the present invention can be cured at lower temperatures of fromabout 110° C. to about 150° C. In one aspect, the binder composition canbe cured at about 120° C. The fiberglass mat is typically cured fromabout 5 seconds to about 15 minutes. In one aspect the fiberglass mat iscured from about 30 seconds to about 3 minutes. The cure temperature andcure time also depend on both the temperature and level of catalystused. The fiberglass mat can then be compressed for shipping. Animportant property of the fiberglass mat is that it returnssubstantially to its full vertical height once the compression isremoved. The modified polysaccharide based binder produces a flexiblefilm that allows the fiberglass insulation to bounce back after oneunwraps the roll and uses it in walls/ceilings.

Fiberglass or other non-woven treated with the copolymer bindercomposition is useful as insulation for heat or sound in the form ofrolls or batts; as a reinforcing mat for roofing and flooring products,ceiling tiles, flooring tiles, as a microglass-based substrate forprinted circuit boards and battery separators; for filter stock and tapestock and for reinforcements in both non-cementatious and cementatiousmasonry coatings.

The following examples are intended to exemplify the present inventionbut are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. Thebreadth and scope of the invention are to be limited solely by theclaims appended hereto.

EXAMPLE 1 Oxidation of High Amylose Starch

High amylose starch (HYLON® VII starch, available from National Starchand Chemical Company, Bridgewater, N.J.) was oxidized in aqueousconditions using a jacketed beaker equipped with an overhead stirrerusing the following procedure—

The nitroxyl radical, 4-acetamido-TEMPO (0.79 g; 0.2 mol % based onmoles of starch ASU) and sodium bromide (9.52 g; 5 mol %) were added toan aqueous slurry of high amylose starch (344 g (300 g dry; 1.85 moleASU) in 500 mL water). The system was cooled to below 10° C. with awater circulator and the pH of the slurry was adjusted to 9.0 withsodium hydroxide (2.5 M solution). Sodium hypochlorite (1090.5 g; 11.4%solution; 90 mol %) was then introduced into the reaction mixture bydropwise addition at a rate so as to maintain the temperature of thereaction mixture <15° C. The pH of the slurry was held constant at 9.0through this addition process by the addition of 2.5 M sodium hydroxidesolution using a Brinkmann Metrohm 718 STAT Titrino (pH-stat). Theoxidation was essentially complete once all of the hypochlorite solutionwas added and the pH of the system had stabilized. At this point, thereaction was quenched by scavenging the remaining trace quantities ofhypochlorite by adding ascorbic acid (10 g). Finally, the pH of themixture was lowered to about 3.5 with hydrochloric acid. The oxidizedstarch product was then filtered and washed with water at pH of about3.5 (4 L) and air dried in a low humidity environment.

Determination of Aldehyde Content of Oxidized HYLON® VII Starch:

Aldehyde content of oxidized starch was determined using hydroxylaminehydrochloride titration via oxime derivatization according to thefollowing reaction and procedure—RCHO+NH₂OH.HCl→RCHNOH+HClThe oxidized starch was slurried in water (1.223 g in 50 mL water) andits pH was adjusted to 4 with aqueous HCl. To this stirred solution, alarge excess of an aqueous solution of 2.0 M hydroxylaminehydrochloride, also at pH 4, (approximately 3 mL) was added rapidly allat once. During the reaction, the pH of the mixture was maintained at 4via titration with a 0.1 N NaOH solution using a pH stat. This wascontinued until no further reduction in pH of the solution could bedetected.

The aldehyde content of the oxidized starch sample described above wascalculated to be 14.5 mol % based on moles of starch ASU by totalconsumption of NaOH (10.93 mL) using the following equation:${{mol}\quad\%\quad{CHO}} = {\frac{\left( {{mL}\quad{of}\quad{NaOH}{\quad\quad}{titrant}\quad X\quad{of}\quad{NaOH}} \right)/1000}{{moles}\quad{of}\quad{starch}\quad{ASU}} \times 100}$Determination of Carboxylic Acid Content of Oxidized HYLON® VII Starch:

Carboxylic acid formed during the oxidation was estimated from theremainder of oxidant not consumed for aldehyde generation, which in thecase of this Example was approximately 38 mol % per starch ASU. This wasalso confirmed by ¹³C NMR spectrum of the oxidized starch taken from D₂Osolution, which indicated approximately 38 mole % per starch ASU C6carboxyl content.

EXAMPLE 2 Oxidation of Waxy Maize Starch

Waxy maize starch (AMIOCA™ starch, available from National Starch andChemical Company, Bridgewater, N.J.) was oxidized using the proceduredescribed in Example 1. The oxidized waxy maize product was somewhatmore swollen than the corresponding HYLON® VII described in Example 1,and hence was also washed with ethanol following its filtration andwater washing. It was finally air dried in a low humidity environment.

The aldehyde content of the oxidized waxy maize starch was determined asdescribed in Example 1 and was calculated to be 12.0 mol % based onmoles of starch ASU.

The carboxylic acid formed during the oxidation was estimated from theremainder of the oxidant that was not consumed for aldehyde generation,which for this example was approximately 39 mol % per starch ASU. Thiswas also confirmed by ¹³C NMR spectrum of the oxidized starch taken fromD₂O solution, which indicated approximately 39 mol % per starch ASU C6carboxyl content.

EXAMPLE 3 Oxidation of Waxy Maize Starch

Waxy maize starch (AMIOCA™ starch, available from National Starch andChemical Company, Bridgewater, N.J.) was oxidized and recovered using aprocedure similar to that described in Example 1 with the exception thatthe sodium hypochlorite oxidant was limited to 560 g of 8.2% solution,or 50 mol % starch ASU. The carboxylic acid formed during oxidation wasdetermined to be (based on 2.5M NaOH consumption used to maintain the pHthroughout oxidation) approximately 18 mol % per starch ASU.

EXAMPLE 4 Oxidation of Crosslinked Corn Starch

Crosslinked corn starch (VULCA® 90 starch, available from NationalStarch and Chemical Company, Bridgewater, N.J.) was oxidized andrecovered using the procedure described in Example 1. The aldehydecontent of the oxidized VULCA® 90 starch was determined as described inExample 1 and was calculated to be 15.1 mol % based on moles of starchASU.

Carboxylic acid formed during oxidation was estimated from the remainderof oxidant not consumed for aldehyde generation, which for this examplewas approximately 37 mole % per starch ASU. This was also confirmed by¹³C NMR spectrum of the oxidized starch taken from D₂O solution, whichindicated approximately 40 mole % per starch ASU C6 carboxyl content.

EXAMPLE 5 Oxidation of Starch Modified with3-chloro-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic Acid

Waxy maize starch (AMIOCA™ starch, available from National Starch andChemical Company, Bridgewater, N.J.) (350 grams) was slurried in 525 mlof water at 40° C. The pH of the mixture was raised to 11.5-11.7 withthe slow addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide (3%), followed by additionof 3-chloro-2-hyhdroxy-1-propane sulfonic acid sodium salt (7% by weightof the starch) (available from Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, Mo.).Additional aqueous sodium hydroxide (3%) was then added to readjust thepH of the slurry to 11.5-11.7. After running the reaction at 40° C. for6 hours, 10% aqueous hydrochloric acid solution was added to lower theslurry pH to the 5-6 range. The modified starch was then filtered andwashed with water. The filter cake of the modified starch was thenre-slurried in water and oxidized according to the procedure describedin Example 1.

EXAMPLE 6 Oxidation of Phosphorylated Starch

Waxy maize starch (AMIOCA™ starch, available from National Starch andChemical Company, Bridgewater, N.J.) was first phosphorylated with analkali metal tripolyphosphate salt as described in U.S. Pat. No.4,166,173. The starch was then oxidized according to the proceduredescribed in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 7 Simultaneous Cooking and Conversion of Oxidized Starches

The oxidized starches of Examples 1-3 were simultaneously dispersed andconverted to their lower molecular weight analogs in a one-pot procedureusing one of the following two methods—

Method 7(a)—About 35 g of the oxidized starch (30 g dry basis) wasdispersed in 1200 mL water. The pH of the slurry was adjusted to apre-determined value in a 6.0-12.5 range using a 2.5 M NaOH solution.The slurry was then heated in a steam bath (90-95° C.) with vigorousmechanical agitation for 20-30 minutes. During this heating period thestarches first cooks (evidenced by the rapid swelling and viscosityincrease of the solutions) and then concurrently and rapidly convertsinto a low viscosity solution. The degree of conversion was determinedby adjusting the pH of each slurry and their cooking time. Onceconverted to the desired degree, the solutions were cooled down to roomtemperature and, if needed, their pH's lowered to the 4-5 range.Converted low molecular weight oxidized polysaccharides were thenrecovered by freeze drying.

Method 7(b)—About 60 g of the oxidized starch (55 g dry basis) wasdispersed in 1200 mL water. The pH of the slurry was adjusted to 10.5with 2.5 M NaOH solution, and the temperature of the slurry was thenraised to 60° C. The mechanically stirred mixture was treated at thistemperature for a period of time while its pH was maintained at 10.5with 2.5 M NaOH with a Brinkmann Metrohm 718 STAT Titrino (pH-stat). Ina manner similar to above process, the slurry of the polysaccharidefirst slowly swells and disperses while converting to lower molecularweights, resulting in a low viscosity solution. At the end of thetreatment period, the solutions were cooled down to room temperature andtheir pH lowered to the 4-5 range. Converted low molecular weightoxidized starches were then recovered by freeze drying. Table 1summarizes the cooking conditions and the properties of the convertedoxidized starches. TABLE I Simultaneous cooking and conversion ofoxidized starches Con- Cooking verted Slurry Time Starch Base Starch pH(min) Mw³ Mn³ Mw/Mn 7H1¹ Oxidized 11.0 20 53302 6771 7.9 HYLON VII(Example 1) 7H2² Oxidized 10.5 90 39926 7523 5.3 HYLON VII (Example 1)7A1¹ Oxidized 6.5 30 — — — AMIOCA (Example 2) 7A2¹ Oxidized 10.0 30 — —— AMIOCA (Example 2) 7A3¹ Oxidized 11.3 30 249315 10331 24.1 AMIOCA(Example 2) 7A4² Oxidized 10.5 60 20196 4802 4.2 AMIOCA (Example 2) 7V1¹Oxidized 11.7 30 310387 7991 39.2 VULCA 90 (Example 4) 7V2¹ Oxidized12.4 30 70243 5934 11.8 VULCA 90 (Example 4) 7V3² Oxidized 10.5 12014412 4629 3.1 VULCA 90 (Example 4)¹Method 7(a).²Method 7(b).³‘Mw’ is weight average molecular weight. ‘Mn’ is number averagemolecular weight. Determined by size exclusion chromatography in waterusing low molecular weight standards.

EXAMPLE 8 Oxidation and Conversion of Pullulan

Pullulan (available from Spectrum Chemicals & Laboratory Products, NewBrunswick, N.J.) was sequentially oxidized and converted to its lowermolecular weight analog in a one-pot homogeneous process as follows. Anaqueous solution (approximately 250 g) containing 27.5 g pullulan (0.170mol pullulan ASU), 0.049 g 4-acetamido-TEMPO and 9.52 g sodium bromidewas prepared at room temperature and its pH was raised to 9.5 with 1 Msodium hydroxide solution. 14.8 g sodium hypochlorite (11.5% solution;13.4 mol % per pullulan ASU) was then introduced to the vigorouslystirred solution dropwise at a rate so as to maintain the temperature ofthe reaction mixture in 20-25° C. range. The pH of the solution was heldconstant at 9.5 through the addition process with 1 M NaOH solutionusing a Brinkmann Metrohm 718 STAT Titrino (pH-stat). Oxidation wascomplete once all of the hypochlorite solution had been added and the pHof the system had stabilized at 9.5. A small aliquot of the solution(approximately 20 g) was removed at this stage for aldehyde and carboxylcontent analysis, which were determined as 5.1 mol % and 4.2 mol % perpullulan ASU, respectively (as described in Example 1).

The pH of the solution was then slowly raised to 10 and maintained atthis level at room temperature for 90 minutes, during which a clearlyvisible reduction in its viscosity took place. Finally, the pH waslowered to 4 with aqueous hydrochloric acid and the oxidized andconverted pullulan was recovered by precipitation into ethanol.

The number average molecular weight of the oxidized and convertedpullulan at the end of this sequential process was estimated from NMRspectroscopy to be about 13500.

EXAMPLE 9 Procedure for Evaluating Oxidized Starches forAnti-Encrustation Properties in Commercial Laundry DetergentFormulations

Black cotton interlock fabric available from Test Fabrics Inc. was cutinto 17.8 cm×17.8 cm (7″×7″) swatches. A total of 40 grams (+/−0.2 g) ofswatches was weighed for each test (which is conducted in atergitometer), trimming one of the swatches in each test as necessary toobtain the desired weight.

1 L of water having a hardness (Ca:Mg=2:1) of 150 ppm as calciumcarbonate was added to each tergitometer. 1.24 g of TIDE® powderdetergent and 0.9 g of powder bleach was weighed into disposable weighboats. A specified amount of polymer was also weighed into weigh boats(typically 4% dry/detergent weight). A control sample was also preparedwithout any polymer.

The detergent and polymer were added to the tergitometer pots, and thewater was agitated for 30 seconds to homogenize the wash water. Thefabric was then added to the pots and washed for 10 minutes. During thewash cycle, the water temperature was approximately 93° F., wash timeapproximately 10 minutes, rinse time approximately 5 minutes, andagitator speed approximately 80-100 rpm.

At the completion of the wash cycle the tergitometer pots were drained,with 1 L of the water described above used to rinse the swatches for 5minutes. The swatches were then dried in a tumble dryer on high heat for20 minutes. The above wash steps were repeated for a total of 5 wash/drycycles.

Three separate swatches from each tergitometer pot were cut into 5.1cm×5.1 cm (2″×2″) swatches. Each swatch was weighed on an analyticalbalance and placed in a labeled specimen cup. Each small swatch wasplaced into 20 grams of 10% nitric acid, agitating slightly for 1 minuteto dissolve the CaCO₃ on the swatch. The nitric acid was then decantedinto a graduated cylinder. The swatches were rinsed twice more withdeionized water, decanting the water into the cylinder after each rinse.1 ml of 12% KCl solution was added to the cylinder, followed by theaddition of deionized water to make up a volume of 200 ml. 30-50 ml ofthe solution was filtered to remove fibers, and each sample then pouredinto a labeled container and the ppm calcium was determined using atomicabsorption spectroscopy.

Percent CaCO₃ was determined according to the following formula—${{{Wt}.\quad\%}\quad{CaCO}_{3}} = \frac{{ppm}\quad{Ca} \times X}{40 \times \left( {{{wt}.\quad{of}}\quad{swatch}} \right)}$wherein X is the dilution of solution after nitric acid wash (2 in thiscase).

The test results are summarized in Table II below— TABLE II PercentCaCO₃ Retained on Fabric Sample Dosage Wt % CaCO₃ on fabric Control —0.9771 Alcosperse 602N 1% 0.8529 Example 7H1 1% 0.8882 Example 7A3 1%0.7534 Example 7V2 1% 0.8656

The test results in Table II above illustrate that fabrics washed withdetergent compositions containing the oxidized starches of the presentinvention have equal to or less calcium carbonate deposited on thefabric than detergents containing the synthetic polymer polyacrylic acid(ALCOSPERSE® 602N detergent additive, available from Alco Chemical,Chattanooga, Tenn.).

The calcium binding/sequestration of polymers according to the presentinvention was measured using a standard titration procedure. The resultsare provided in Table III below— TABLE III Calcium Binding/SequestrationCalcium binding - Sample mg CaCO₃/g polymer ALCOSPERSE ® 602N 300.0detergent additive Example 7H1 17.49 Example 7A1 0 Example 7A3 0 Example7V2 0

The above Table III data indicates that modified polysaccharidesaccording to the present invention have little or no calciumsequestration properties. This result is completely opposite to calciumbinding properties of oxidized starches reported in literature (see, forexample, Example II and Table A of U.S. Pat. No. 5,326,864). Oxidizedstarches taught in the prior art (such as those of the '864 patent) haveexcellent calcium binding properties. In contrast, the modifiedpolysaccharides according to the present invention have excellentanti-encrustation properties (i.e., prevention of CaCO₃ build-up onfabric). This can only be attributed to a crystal growth modification ora dispersancy mechanism. In fact, the anti-encrustation properties ofsome of the inventive polymers are better than the synthetic polyacrylicacid homopolymer (ALCOSPERSE® 602N). Therefore, the composition andperformance of these inventive polymers is different and novel fromthose disclosed in the prior art.

EXAMPLE 10 Evaluation of Polymers of this Invention in a Standard NaceTest for Calcium Carbonate Inhibition

TABLE IV % CaCO₃ Inhibition of Polymers Amount of sample used in % CaCO₃Sample the test (ppm) inhibition Control (no polymer) — 0 Example 7A1100 13.9 Example 7A2 100 14.5 Example 7A3 100 14.7 AQUATREAT ®  20 80.0900A polymer* (polyacrylic acid homopolymer)*available from Alco Chemical, Chattanooga, Tennessee

The above data would seem to indicate that polymers according to thepresent invention are not good at inhibiting calcium carbonate scale asmeasured by laboratory beaker test, despite being tested at 5 times thelevel of a typical synthetic polymer. This illustrates that the modifiedpolysaccharides of the present invention are not good calciumsequestration agents. However, as seen in Example 1 above, they haveexcellent encrustation properties. Therefore, these materials (incontrast to those cited in literature) prevent carbonate scale by meansof a crystal growth or dispersion mechanism.

EXAMPLE 11 Soil Anti-Redeposition

The oxidized starches were tested for anti-redeposition properties in agenerically built liquid detergent formulation. The formulation of thegenerically built liquid detergent is as follows— Ingredient wt % DIwater 37.25 Sodium citrate 9.0 Propylene glycol 8.0 40% Sodium xylenesulfonate 18.75 BIOSOFT ™ D-40 anionic 20.00 surfactant (available fromStepan Chemical Co., Northfield, Illinois) NEODOL ® 25-9 detergentalcohol 7.0 (available from Shell, Houston, Texas)

Testing was conducted in a full scale washing machine using 3 cotton and3 polyester/cotton swatches. The soil used was a blend of rose clay(17.5 g), bandy black clay (17.5 g) and oil (6.9 g, 75:25vegetable/mineral). The test was conducted for 3 cycles using 100 g ofliquid detergent per wash load. The oxidized starches were dosed in at 2weight % of the detergent, and the polyacrylic acid (ALCOSPERSE® 602Ndetergent additive from Alco Chemical) was dosed at 0.5%. Washconditions used were a temperature of 34° C. (93° F.), 150 ppm hardnessand a 10 minute wash cycle. TABLE V Soil Anti-Redeposition Delta E(‘ΔE’) Sample Cotton Poly/cotton Blank 1.73 1.54 ALCOSPERSE ® 0.37 0.39602N Example 7A1 0.71 0.55 Example 7A2 0.47 0.49 Example 7A3 0.42 0.51Example 7H1 0.56 0.43 Example 7V1 0.78 0.78 Example 7V2 0.53 0.57L a b values before the first cycle and after the third cycle weremeasured as L₁, a₁, b₁ and L₂, a₂, b₂, respectively, using aspectrophotometer. ΔE values were then calculated using the followingequation—ΔE=[(L ₁ −L ₂)²+(a ₁ −a ₂)²+(b ₁ −b ₂)²]^(0.5)The data indicates that the oxidized starches have similaranti-redeposition/soil suspension properties to the polyacrylic acidsample (a lower ΔE indicate better anti-redeposition).

EXAMPLE 12 Soil Anti-Redeposition

The oxidized starch of Example 7H1 was tested for anti-redepositionproperties in a generically built liquid detergent formulation atdifferent levels of active. The formulation of the generically builtliquid detergent was the same as in Example 11 above.

The test was conducted in a full scale washing machine using 3 cottonand 3 polyester/cotton swatches. The soil used was 17.5 g rose clay,17.5 g bandy black clay and 6.9 g oil blend (75:25 vegetable/mineral).The test was conducted for 3 cycles using 100 g liquid detergent perwash load. The oxidized starches were dosed in at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5weight % of the detergent. The wash conditions used a temperature of 34°C. (93° F.), 150 ppm hardness and a 10 minute wash cycle. TABLE VI %Active of Delta E (‘ΔE’) Example 7H1 Cotton Poly/cotton Blank 1.73 1.542.0 0.56 0.43 1.0 0.56 0.50 0.5 0.63 0.57The L a b values before the first cycle and after the third cycle weremeasured as L₁, a₁, b₁ and L₂, a₂, b₂, respectively, using aspectrophotometer. The ΔE values were then calculated using thefollowing equation—ΔE=[(L ₁ −L ₂)²+(a ₁ −a ₂)²+(b ₁ −b ₂)²]^(0.5)The data indicate that oxidized starches according to the presentinvention show anti-redeposition/soil suspension properties even at lowconcentrations in the wash liquor (lower ΔE indicates betteranti-redeposition).

EXAMPLE 13 Dispersion

Oxidized starches according to the present invention were tested fordispersancy performance. 2% solutions of clay in water (50:50 roseclay/black clay) and 0.1% polymer slurries were introduced intograduated cylinders. Snapshots of the slurries (found in FIG. 1) weretaken at periodic intervals. The data indicates that lower molecularweight oxidized starches (Examples 7A3, 7H1 and 7V2) are as good adispersant as polyacrylic acid.

FORMULATION EXAMPLES

The following examples illustrate various formulations having modifiedpolysaccharides polymer according to the present invention for use indifferent aqueous systems—

EXAMPLE 14 Automatic Phosphated Dishwash Powder Formulation

Ingredients wt % Sodium tripolyphosphate 25.0 Sodium carbonate 25.0C12-15 linear alcohol ethoxylate with 7 moles of EO 3.0 Polymer ofExample 7V1 14.0 Sodium sulfate 33.0

EXAMPLE 15 Automatic Non-Phosphated Dishwash Powder Formulation

Ingredients wt % Sodium citrate 30 Polymer of Example 7A2 10 Sodiumdisilicate 10 Perborate monohydrate 6 Tetra-acetylethylenediamine 2

EXAMPLE 16 Handwash Fabric Detergent

Ingredients wt % Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate 15-30  Nonionicsurfactant 0-3  Na tripolyphosphate (STPP) 3-20 Na silicate 5-10 Nasulfate 20-50  Bentonite clay/calcite 0-15 Polymer Example 7A3 1-10Enzymes 2 Water Balance

EXAMPLE 17 Fabric Detergent with Softener

Ingredients wt % Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate 2 Alcohol ethoxylate 4STPP 23 Polymer Example 7V1 5 Na carbonate 5 Perborate tetrahydrate 12Montmorillonite clay 16 Na sulfate 20 Perfume, FWA, enzymes, waterBalance

EXAMPLE 18 Bar/Paste for Laundering

Ingredients wt % Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate 15-30  Na silicate 2-5 STPP 2-10 Polymer Example 7H1 2-10 Na carbonate 5-10 Calcite 0-20 Urea0-2  Glycerol 0-2  Kaolin 0-15 Na sulfate 5-20 Perfume, FWA, enzymes,water Balance

EXAMPLE 19 Water Treatment Compositions

Once prepared, the water-soluble polymers are preferably incorporatedinto a water treatment composition comprising the water-soluble polymerand other water treatment chemicals. Such other chemicals includecorrosion inhibitors such as orthophosphates, zinc compounds and tolyltriazole. As indicated above, the level of the inventive polymerutilized in the water treatment compositions is determined by thetreatment level desired for the particular aqueous system treated. Thewater treatment compositions generally comprise from 10 to 25 percent byweight of the water-soluble polymer. Conventional water treatmentcompositions are known to those skilled in the art and exemplary watertreatment compositions are set forth below in Formulations 1-4. Theseformulations containing the polymer of the present invention haveapplication in, for example, the oil field. Formulation 1 Formulation 25.0% Polymer 7A2 5.0% Polymer 7A3 47.7% Water 59.6% Water 4.2% HEDP 4.2%HEDP 10.3% NaOH 18.4% TKPP 24.5% Sodium Molybdate 7.2% NaOH 2.0% Tolyltriazole 2.0% Tolyl triazole pH 13.0 pH 12.64 Formulation 3 Formulation4 10.0% Polymer 7H1 5.0% Polymer 7V2 51.1% Water 59.0% Water 8.3% HEDP4.2% HEDP 14.0% NaOH 19.3% NaOH 4.0% Tolyl triazole 2.0% Tolyl triazolepH 12.5 4.2% ZnCl₂ pH 13.2 Formulation 5 Formulation 6 5.0% Polymer 7A25.0% Polymer 7A3 46.2% Water 58.1% Water 3.2% HEDP 3.2% HEDP 2.5%polymaleic acid 2.5% polymaleic acid 10.3% NaOH 18.4% TKPP 24.5% SodiumMolybdate 7.2% NaOH 2.0% Tolyl triazole 2.0% Tolyl triazole pH 13.0 pH12.64where HEDP is 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1 diphosphonic acid and TKPP istri-potassium polyphosphate.

EXAMPLE 20 Cement Composition

Various quantities of the polymer produced as described in Example 7A1above (a 9% by weight aqueous solution of the polymer) were added totest portions of a base cement slurry. The base cement compositionincluded Lone Star Class H hydraulic cement and water in an amount of38% by weight of dry cement. The base composition had a density of 16.4pounds per gallon. These compositions containing the polymer of thepresent invention have application in, for example, the oil field.

EXAMPLE 21 Typical Hard Surface Cleaning Formulations

Acid Cleaner Ingredient wt % Citric acid (50% solution) 12.0 Phosphoricacid 1.0 C₁₂-C₁₅ linear alcohol ethoxylate with 3 moles of EO 5.0 Alkylbenzene sulfonic acid 3.0 Polymer of Example 7A3 1.0 Water 78.0

Alkaline Cleaner Ingredient wt % Water 89.0 Sodium tripolyphosphate 2.0Sodium silicate 1.9 NaOH (50%) 0.1 Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether5.0 Octyl polyethoxyethanol, 12-13 moles EO 1.0 Polymer of example 7A21.0

EXAMPLE 22 Fiberglass Sizing Formulation

Ingredient wt % ALCOSPERSE ® 602A* 20.0 Polymer Example 7A3 5.0 WaterBalance*polyacrylic acid from Alco Chemical

EXAMPLE 23 Evaluation of Oxidized Starch as a Dispersant for Iron Oxide

The modified saccharide samples of Examples 7A3 and 7V2 were dissolvedin water with stirring. Red iron oxide powder was then added slowly intothe starch solution while maintaining stirring. The mixture was stirredfor 20 minutes before the viscosity was measured. TABLE VII Starch asIron Oxide Dispersant 65% solids Red Iron Oxide Brookfield Viscositygrams (spindle #6) Starch % starch water starch iron oxide 20 50 100Example 0.5% 70 1 130 paste 7A3 1.0% 70 2 130 paste 2.0% 70 4 130 120004860 2500 2.5% 70 5 130 3800 1900 1100 3.0% 70 6 130 4700 2620 1670Example 2.0% 70 4 130 6600 3040 2030 7V2 2.5% 70 5 130 1300 940 710 3.0%70 6 130 1050 760 560Both materials show performance as iron oxide dispersants, though betterperformance is seen from the lower molecular weight amylose containingmaterial.

EXAMPLE 24 Dispersion of Kaolin

A kaolin slurry was prepared by adding 279 g of kaolin to 171 g of waterunder high shear. Solutions of oxidized starches were prepared at 10%concentrations. These solutions were then dosed into the kaolin slurryand the viscosity measured. These starch materials were compared toALCOSPERSE® 149 polyacrylic acid dispersant. TABLE VIII KaolinDispersion Viscosity (Example Viscosity (Example Viscosity Dose 7V2Starch) 7A3 Starch) (ALCOSPERSE ® 149) 0.0 102 102 92 0.05 98 106 920.10 104 120 108 0.15 112 — —

From the above it is seen that the modified polysaccharide of Example7V2 performs well as a polyacrylate dispersant. It appears that thepolyacrylic acid slightly outperforms the oxidized starch; however, theinitial slurry viscosity for this experiment was lower. Therefore, themodified polysaccharides are comparable to traditional polyacrylates asdispersants for dispersing kaolin.

EXAMPLE 25 Dispersion of Calcium Carbonate

A slurry was made by addition 306 g of calcium carbonate to 144 g ofwater under high shear. The oxidized starches of Example 7V2 and Example7A3 were added to the slurry in the form of a 10% aqueous solution.After each addition of starch the viscosity was measured to produce adispersant demand curve.

The oxidised starches were compared to ALCOSPERSE® 149 polyacrylic acidhomopolymer, which is typically found in this application. TABLE IXDispersion of Calcium Carbonate Viscosity (starch Viscosity (starchViscosity Dose Example 7V2) Example 7A3) (ALCOSPERSE ® 149) 0.0 44 44 440.05 42 42 48 0.10 42 42 62 0.15 42 44 — 0.20 44 48 —

The results indicate that the modified polysaccharides of this inventionare superior to standard polyacrylic acid.

EXAMPLE 26 Calcium Sulfate (Gypsum Slurry)

Ingredient wt % Gypsum 30-60% Water 30-60% Sample from Example 7H10.1-10%  Optional adjunct ingredients (preservatives, rheologymodifiers, surfactants)

EXAMPLE 27 Carbon Black Formulation

Ingredient wt % Carbon black 40% Sample from Example 7V1  1-20% Glycol0-5% Water balance Optional adjunct ingredients (preservatives, rheologymodifiers, surfactants)

EXAMPLE 28 Concrete Formulation

Ingredient wt (kg) Portland cement 315 kg Aggregate 1926 kg Water 158 kgSuper Plasticizer (Example 7A3) 120 kg Optional Adjunct ingredients(retarders, air entrainers, accelerators, water proofer, pigment,corrosion inhibitor, plasticizer)

EXAMPLE 29 Ceramic Dispersant (Formula Example)

Ingredient wt % Clay 60-75%  Dispersant (sodium Silicate, STPP,polyacrylate) 0-2% Sample from Example 7A1 0-5% Water balance Optionaladjunct ingredients (rheology modifier, pigment, surfactant,preservative)

EXAMPLE 30 Grinding Aid

An aqueous coarse grain calcium carbonate suspension is passed through a“mill or grinder” to achieve desired particle size. The suspension maybe recycled before desired particle size is achieved. Modifiedpolysaccharide of Example 7V2 can be added to the suspension beforecrushing to help maintain the integrity of the particle through adispersion mechanism.

EXAMPLE 31 Oil Drilling

Fresh Water Drilling Water 1500 g  Bentonite 60 g Ca bentonite 150 g Sample from Example 7A2 10 g

Adjunct ingredients—defoamer, corrosion inhibitor, fluid loss agent,shale control, preservative/biocide, buffer, weighting agent Salt WaterDrilling Sea water 1500.0 g   NaCO3 3.0 g Bentonite 75.0 g  Attapulgite112.5 g  CMC 37.5 g  Ca bentonite 225.0 g  Caustic to pH 9-11 Samplefrom Example 7H1 7.5 gAdjunct ingredients—defoamer, corrosion inhibitor, shale control,preservative/biocide, buffer, weighting agent

EXAMPLE 32 Soil Anti-Redeposition

The modified polysaccharides of Example 6 were tested foranti-redeposition properties in a generically built liquid detergentformulation. The formulation of the generically built liquid detergentis as follows— Ingredient wt % DI water 37.25 Sodium citrate 9.00Propylene glycol 8.00 40% Sodium xylene sulfonate 18.75 BIOSOFT ™ D-40anionic 20.00 surfactant (available from Stepan Chemical Co.,Northfield, Illinois) NEODOL ® 25-9 detergent alcohol 7.00 (availablefrom Shell, Houston, Texas)

Testing was conducted in a full scale washing machine using 3 cotton and3 polyester/cotton swatches. The soil used was a blend of rose clay(17.5 g), bandy black clay (17.5 g) and oil (6.9 g, 75:25vegetable/mineral). The test was conducted for 3 cycles using 100 g ofliquid detergent per wash load. The modified polysaccharides and thepolyacrylic acid (ALCOSPERSE® 602N detergent additive from AlcoChemical) were dosed in at 0.5 weight % of the detergent. Washconditions used were a temperature of 34° C. (93° F.), 150 ppm hardnessand a 10 minute wash cycle. TABLE X Soil Anti-Redeposition ΔE Δ WI CIESample Cotton Poly/cotton Cotton Poly/cotton Blank 1.07 1.51 3.12 5.34ALCOSPERSE 602N 0.43 0.57 1.50 2.70 Example 7V3 0.72 0.65 2.35 2.79Example 7H2 0.78 0.73 2.77 3.19 Example 7A4 0.44 0.39 1.12 1.60L a b values before the first cycle and after the third cycle weremeasured as L₁, a₁, b₁ and L₂, a₂, b₂, respectively, using aspectrophotometer. ΔE values were then calculated using the followingequation—ΔE=[(L ₁ −L ₂)²+(a ₁ −a ₂)²+(b ₁ −b ₂)²]^(0.5)The data indicates that modified polysaccharides according to theinvention have better anti-redeposition/soil suspension properties thanthe standard 4500 molecular weight polyacrylic acid typically used indetergent applications.

EXAMPLE 33 Liquid Detergent Formulation

Ingredient wt % DI water 37.00 Sodium citrate 9.00 Propylene glycol 8.0040% Sodium xylene sulfonate 18.75 BIOSOFT ™ D-40 anionic 20.00surfactant (available from Stepan Chemical Co., Northfield, Illinois)NEODOL ® 25-9 detergent alcohol 7.00 (available from Shell, Houston,Texas) Example 7A4 0.25

EXAMPLE 34 Fabric Softener Formulation

Ingredient wt % Ester quat 5.0 Example 7V3 0.2 Perfume, dye, WaterBalance

EXAMPLE 35 Blend of Modified Polysaccharides and Synthetic Polymers

The modified polysaccharides of Example 7H1 were blended with asynthetic polymer (ALCOSPERSE® 725 35% aqueous hydrophobically modifiedpolymer solution, available from Alco Chemical, Chattanooga, Tenn.). The2 components were mixed in a 10:90 and 90:10 weight ratio of activemodified polysaccharide to polymer solution. The solutions were thenobserved after 2 weeks. TABLE XI Blends of Synthetic and NaturalPolymers Solution Stability after 2 weeks 10% solution of Example 6H1Unstable, phase separation Blend of 10% of a 10% solution of Clear,stable Example 7H1 and 90% ALCOSPERSE 725 solution Blend of 90% of a 10%solution of Clear, stable Example 7H1 and 10% ALCOSPERSE 725 solution

The data indicate that the aqueous polysaccharide solution is not stableeven at a low dilution of 10 weight percent. However, the blends of thispolysaccharide and the hydrophobically modified synthetic polymer arevery stable even at high polysaccharide levels. This indicates thatsynthetic polymers may be used to stabilize aqueous polysaccharidesolutions.

EXAMPLE 36 Water Treatment Application for Scale Minimization withoutInhibition

The modified polysaccharides of this invention were evaluated in adynamic system that mimics a pilot cooling tower. The dynamicperformance tests were conducted on a non-evaporative dynamic test rigas shown in FIG. 2. The system design allows increasing cycles ofconcentration by continuous addition of make-up water concentrate andcontrolled feeding of polymer with an overflow to maintain constantsystem volume and constant polymer concentration throughout the test.The water volume in the system is approximately 26 liters. The water iscontained in a 25 liter basin and pumped through the system and thenback into the basin. Upon leaving the basin, the water passes through aheat exchange rack, which includes three heat exchange rods running atapproximately 750 watts surrounded by glass tubing for the water to flowthrough. The heated area of each rod is 11.75 in. This results in a heattransfer rate of approximately 16,000 BTU/hr/ft². The water then passesthrough a corrosion rack made of 1 inch CPVC piping, a condenser, andback into the basin. The basin water temperature is controlled throughthe use of a chiller, which passes cooled water through the condenser.The pH is also controlled through the use of a pH controller and asulfuric acid feed. A flow meter is also mounted into the system formonitoring the flow rate of the water through the system. The cycles ofconcentration are controlled and increased through the constant feedingof hardness and alkalinity concentrated solutions. A concentratedtreatment feed is also constantly added, in order to maintain thedesired dosage levels of treatment within the system.

The simulated make-up water at one cycle of concentration, for allbeaker and dynamic testing, consisted of the following concentrations:

-   -   100.0 mg/L Ca as CaCO₃ (40.0 mg/L as Ca)    -   49.2 mg/L Mg as CaCO₃ (12.0 as Mg)    -   162 M Alkalinity (141.5 mg/L as HCO₃)    -   23 P Alkalinity (27.6 mg/L as CO₃)    -   Specific Conductivity=˜750 micro-mhos

The heat transfer rate was maintained at a constant rate ofapproximately 16,000 BTU/hr/ft². The flow across the heat exchangers wasalso kept constant at 3.25 ft/sec.

Three variables in testing were ferrous iron's presence or absence inthe make-up water, operating pH, and bulk water temperature. Thefollowing ranges were the standard set points used for the testing,including all “standardized” testing for screening samples for scaleadhesion properties.

-   -   Ferrous Iron=0.2-0.4 mg/L Fe²⁺ (in the make-up water)    -   Temperature=39.4-40.6° C. (103-105° F.)    -   pH range=8.70-8.85

The test utilized 3 cycles of hardness. One cycle of hardness isapproximately equal to 40 ppm Ca “as Ca”, 12.5 ppm Mg “as Mg”, 120 ppmHCO₃ and 40 ppm CO₃. The rods in the test rig were judged by thefollowing scale:

-   -   0=no scale on rods    -   1=scale on dead flow areas only    -   2=light scale on rods    -   3=moderate scale on rods

4=heavy scale on rods. TABLE XII Calcium Scale Formation Modifiedpolysaccharide Rating of scale on the rods None 4 Example 7H2 0 Example7A4 0 Example 7V3 0

The above data indicate that even though polymers according to thepresent invention do not function well in inhibiting CaCO₃ (see Example9 above), they perform very well in actual water treatment conditions atpreventing calcium scale formation. This is ascribed to the fact thatthese polymers function in modifying crystal growth modifiers.

Although the present invention has been described and illustrated indetail, it is to be understood that the same is by way of illustrationand example only, and is not to be taken as a limitation. The spirit andscope of the present invention are to be limited only by the terms ofany claims presented hereafter.

1. A polysaccharide composition comprising: at least one modifiedpolysaccharide having up to about 70 mole % carboxyl groups per mole ofpolysaccharide ASU and up to about 20 mole % aldehyde groups per mole ofpolysaccharide ASU.
 2. An aqueous treatment composition comprising thepolysaccharide composition of claim 1 wherein the at least one modifiedpolysaccharide is present in the composition in an amount of at leastabout 0.5 mg/L, and wherein the composition is able to prevent scaleformation.
 3. The aqueous treatment composition of claim 2, wherein thepolysaccharide is present in the aqueous treatment composition in anamount of about 10% to about 25% by weight of the composition.
 4. Theaqueous treatment composition of claim 2 wherein the aqueous treatmentcomposition is able to modify calcium carbonate crystal growth.
 5. Theaqueous treatment composition of claim 2 further comprising at least onesynthetic polymer.
 6. The aqueous treatment composition of claim 2further comprising a blend of the at least one modified polysaccharideand at least one synthetic polymer.
 7. The polysaccharide composition ofclaim 1 wherein the at least one modified polysaccharide furthercomprises at least one phosphonate moiety.
 8. The polysaccharidecomposition of claim 1 further comprising a blend of the at least onemodified polysaccharide and at a monomer having least one phosphonatemoiety.
 9. The polysaccharide composition of claim 1 further comprisinga blend of the at least one modified polysaccharide, at least onesynthetic polymer and at least one monomer having a phosphonate moiety.10. A cleaning formulation comprising the polysaccharide composition ofclaim 1, wherein the at least one modified polysaccharide polymer ispresent in an amount of about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of thecleaning formulation.
 11. The cleaning formulation of claim 10 furthercomprising at least one builder.
 12. The cleaning formulation of claim11 wherein the at least one builder is a phosphorus-based and/or acarbonate builder.
 13. The cleaning formulation of claim 10 furthercomprising at least one surfactant.
 14. The cleaning formulation ofclaim 13 wherein the at least one surfactant is at least non-ionicand/or anionic surfactant.
 15. The cleaning formulation of claim 10wherein the cleaning formulation is a powdered, liquid or unit doseformulation.
 16. The cleaning formulation of claim 10 further comprisingone or more synthetic polymers.
 17. The cleaning formulation of claim 10wherein the cleaning formulation is an automatic dishwashing detergentformulation.
 18. The cleaning formulation of claim 10 further comprisingbuilders, surfactants, enzymes, solvents, hydrotropes, fillers, bleach,perfumes and/or colorants.
 19. A dispersant comprising thepolysaccharide composition of claim 1, wherein the dispersant is able todisperse one or more minerals, one or more organic ingredients, and/orone or more agrochemical active ingredients.
 20. The dispersant of claim19 wherein the dispersant is able to disperse one or more minerals andthe one or more minerals dispersed is talc, titanium dioxide, mica,precipitated calcium carbonate, ground calcium carbonate, precipitatedsilica, silicate, iron oxide, clay, kaolin clay, gypsum or combinationsthereof.
 21. The dispersant of claim 19 wherein the dispersant is ableto disperse one or more organic ingredients and the one or more organicingredients dispersed is carbon black, dye, ink, fluorescent agent orcombinations thereof.
 22. The dispersant of claim 19 wherein thedispersant is able to disperse one or more agrochemical activeingredients and the one or more agrochemical active ingredientsdispersed is preservative(s), herbicide(s), pesticide(s), growthregulator(s) or combinations thereof.
 23. A coating comprising themineral dispersant of claim
 19. 24. A saline or freshwater baseddrilling mud comprising the mineral dispersant of claim
 19. 25. Anaqueous treatment system comprising the polysaccharide composition ofclaim 1, wherein the aqueous treatment system is a water treatmentsystem, oilfield system or cleaning system.
 26. The aqueous treatmentsystem of claim 25 wherein the system is able to minimize sulfate scale,carbonate scale and/or phosphate scale.
 27. The aqueous treatment systemof claim 25 wherein the system is an oilfield system and the sulfatescale minimized is barium sulfate scale.
 28. A fiberglass bindercomprising the polysaccharide composition of claim
 1. 29. Thepolysaccharide composition of claim 1 wherein the at least one modifiedpolysaccharide further comprises at least one sulfonate moiety.
 30. Thepolysaccharide composition of claim 1 further comprising a blend of theat least one modified polysaccharide and at a monomer having least onesulfonate moiety.
 31. The polysaccharide composition of claim 1 furthercomprising a blend of the at least one modified polysaccharide, at leastone synthetic polymer and at least one monomer having a sulfonatemoiety.
 32. The polysaccharide composition of claim 1 wherein the atleast one modified polysaccharide further comprises at least onephosphate moiety.
 33. The polysaccharide composition of claim 1 furthercomprising a blend of the at least one modified polysaccharide and at amonomer having least one phosphate moiety.
 34. The polysaccharidecomposition of claim 1 further comprising a blend of the at least onemodified polysaccharide, at least one synthetic polymer and at least onemonomer having a phosphate moiety.
 35. A cement composition comprisingthe polysaccharide composition of claim
 1. 36. A process for preparing apolysaccharide composition comprising the steps of: oxidizing apolysaccharide in an aqueous medium, the aqueous medium having anoxidant having an equivalent oxidizing power of up to 106.37 g activechlorine per mole of polysaccharide anhydrosugar unit (“ASU”) and amediating amount of nitroxyl radical, wherein the resultant modifiedpolysaccharide has up to about 70 mole % carboxyl groups per mole ofpolysaccharide ASU and up to about 20 mole % aldehyde functional groupsper mole of polysaccharide ASU, and degrading the oxidizedpolysaccharide under controlled temperature and pH.
 37. The processaccording to claim 36 further comprising adding the oxidized, degradedpolysaccharide to an aqueous treatment composition.
 38. The processaccording to claim 36 wherein the polysaccharide is a granular starch,the process further comprising filtering and washing the oxidized starchto remove the nitroxyl mediator and any salt by-products prior todegrading the starch.
 39. The process according to claim 38 furthercomprising crosslinking the starch.
 40. The process according to claim39 wherein the starch is crosslinked prior to oxidation.
 41. The processaccording to claim 37 further comprising drying the polysaccharidecomposition prior to adding it to the aqueous treatment composition. 42.The process according to claim 41 wherein the drying is performed byspray-drying the polysaccharide dispersion.